Endometriosis is a chronic inflammatory disease in which tissue similar to the lining of the uterus grows outside the uterus. These growths — often called lesions or implants — can occur on the ovaries, fallopian tubes, bladder, bowel, pelvic lining, and in some cases other parts of the body.

This tissue responds to hormonal changes and can cause inflammation, scarring, and adhesions that bind organs together. The result can be significant pain and a wide range of symptoms that affect many aspects of daily life.

Endometriosis affects an estimated 1 in 10 women and people assigned female at birth worldwide, yet it remains widely misunderstood and underdiagnosed.

Symptoms vary widely, but common signs of endometriosis include:

• severe or debilitating menstrual cramps
• chronic pelvic pain
• pain during or after sex
• painful bowel movements or urination
• heavy or irregular periods
• infertility or difficulty getting pregnant
• fatigue, bloating, nausea, or digestive issues

Symptoms often begin during adolescence, but many people are told their pain is “normal,” which can delay diagnosis and treatment.

On average, it takes 7–10 years for many patients to receive an accurate diagnosis.

During that time people may see multiple healthcare providers and be misdiagnosed with conditions such as IBS, pelvic floor disorders, or simply painful periods. Cultural stigma around menstruation and limited education about endometriosis among both patients and providers can contribute to this delay.

Earlier recognition of symptoms is a key step toward improving care.

Endometriosis can sometimes be suspected based on symptoms, medical history, and imaging tests such as ultrasound or MRI. However, these tools do not always detect the disease.

Currently, the most definitive way to diagnose endometriosis is through laparoscopic surgery, where a surgeon can directly visualize and remove lesions.

Because symptoms can vary widely and imaging is not always conclusive, diagnosis often requires providers who are experienced in recognizing the disease.

There is currently no known cure for endometriosis, but there are treatments that can help manage symptoms and improve quality of life.

Treatment approaches may include:

• surgical removal of endometriosis lesions
• hormonal therapies that suppress estrogen
• pain management strategies
• pelvic floor physical therapy
• lifestyle and supportive care approaches

Treatment plans vary depending on symptoms, goals, and individual health needs.

Endometriosis can affect fertility for some individuals, but many people with the condition are still able to become pregnant.

The disease may affect fertility by causing inflammation, scarring, or anatomical changes in the reproductive organs. However, the relationship between endometriosis and fertility is complex, and outcomes vary widely.

For some people, specialized surgical care or fertility treatments can improve the chances of conception.

Endometriosis has historically received limited research funding and medical education compared with other conditions of similar prevalence.

For many patients, symptoms such as severe menstrual pain have long been normalized or dismissed. Cultural stigma around menstruation, gaps in medical training, and a lack of public awareness have all contributed to delays in recognition and care.

Increasing education — for patients, healthcare providers, and the public — is one of the most important steps toward improving diagnosis, treatment, and research.